The use of timber as a structural material has become increasingly common due to its sustainability, energy efficiency, and structural redundancies. Its mechanical properties have drawn attention to its behavior during earthquakes, leading to significant effort invested in studying seismic behavior and developing design techniques. With a global focus on sustainable housing and reducing greenhouse gas emissions in the built environment, timber construction is growing in popularity for non-residential and tall buildings. Historical and geographical regions like Japan, North America, and South America have a long history of timber structure construction and preservation.

History and Background

The European Committee for Standardization (CEN) has reviewed the seismic design of timber structures due to the growing popularity of wood-based buildings in earthquake-prone areas. Conventional design processes aim for a 10% likelihood of exceeding limits in 50 years. Building regulations and specified zones have concentrated the bulk of the lateral deformations and decreased the structural stresses during an earthquake. The two most popular seismic engineering design procedures are the response spectrum procedure and the corresponding static force-based method.

Timber Structural Systems

Contemporary structures use seven structural methods for timber constructions, with timber-framed shear walls, solid timber walls, and moment-resisting timber frames being the three main types. Timber construction offers a sustainable and efficient alternative to concrete, steel, and masonry. The history and preservation of timber structures are essential from a spiritual and historical perspective and should be upheld for future generations.

The primary purpose of this task is to rephrase the given text using better wording and natural language to make it unique. The rewritten text will be in English. The provided text discusses three different timber structural systems, including Timber Frame Shear Walls Systems, Solid Timber Walls Systems, and Moment Resisting Frames.

In low-rise timber buildings, timber frame shear walls are commonly utilized to provide resistance against wind and earthquake pressures. These walls typically consist of a light wooden frame coated with panel products such as plywood, waferboard, or oriented strand board. To maintain the required stiffness and lateral strength of the wall while also dissipating energy to withstand anticipated in-plane lateral loads, nails placed closely and adequately apart are used to secure the sheathing. Despite being designed to prevent catastrophic collapse, shear walls sustain significant post-earthquake residual damage (Loo et al., 2012).

Most of these walls are built according to minimum specifications for strength and stiffness, and the spacing between wall studs or changing the type of sheathing panels are design variables that can be altered to optimize the use of building materials and lower construction costs (Dolan, 1989).

Solid timber walls, on the other hand, are constructed with cross-laminated solid wood panels, which are industrially dried from spruce boards and stacked crosswise and joined under pressure. Compared to untreated timbers, these units have less moisture movement and more strength as building materials. The large solid timber panels allow the transmission of significant vertical loads, ensuring a high level of building stiffness and durability. They are particularly suitable for walls, floors, and roof assemblies, providing benefits over conventional light-frame wood construction. The cross-lamination improves dimensional stability, and large-scale (Brandner et al. 2016) structures can be built with big openings (Shahnewaz et al., 2017; Frangi et al., 2008; Waugh et al., 2010; Tannert et al., 2018).

Moment resisting timber frames with semi-rigid beam to column connections provide a practical and architecturally friendly method of providing a load-carrying system to vertical and horizontal loads for timber buildings. Frames allow for buildings without shear walls or x-bracing. Ductile connections must announce failure by exhibiting significant deformations, rotations, or fissures, which is necessary to provide structural resilience. Plastic or steel connection design is necessary in these statically indeterminate structures to achieve ductile behavior and can result in material savings and increased safety reserve (Rebouças et al., 2022).

This study aims to provide a comprehensive characterization of peak floor accelerations in single-story timber buildings using three common timber structural systems: Timber Frame Shear Wall Buildings (SW), Solid Wall Timber Buildings (CLT), and Moment Resisting Timber Frames (MRTF). The behavior of three CLT structures in response to numerous ground-motion datasets will be examined, assessing the effect of the ground-mean motion's period, T_(m), on maximum forces and accelerations. Three numerical models will be employed to depict each of these structural systems accurately. Finally, prediction models for floor accelerations and shear forces will be established.

Your assignment is to rephrase the entire content with improved vocabulary and express it naturally. The resulting text must be unique and written in English. The original text comprises the following graphics:

[Figure 1 - Shear Walls Constructed from Timber Frames]

[Figure 2 - Solid Walls Made of Timber]

[Figure 3 - Frames with the Ability to Resist Moments]