Instructions: Follow the guidelines and use the simulation to answer the questions. Respond to the queries and prompts found in the orange boxes.

Vocabulary: chemical family, electron affinity, ion, ionic bond, metal, nonmetal, octet rule, shell, valence electron

Prior Knowledge Questions (Complete these tasks BEFORE using the Gizmo.)

1. Nate and Clara are using markers to draw pictures. There are eight markers in each package. Nate has nine markers, and Clara has seven of them. What actions should Nate and Clara take to ensure they each have a full set? (0.5 marks)

To balance things, Nate should give one marker to Clara so they can both have eight markers each.

2. Maggie is sitting at a table with Fred and Florence. Maggie has ten markers, while Fred and Florence each have seven markers. What steps can they take to share the markers evenly, and each has eight markers? (0.5 marks)

Maggie could give up two markers so that two markers can be given to Fred and two to Florence. This way, they each can have eight markers.

Gizmo Warm-Up

Atoms can share or exchange electrons, like students that share markers with each other. By doing so, atoms form bonds. The Ionic Bonds Gizmo enables learners to explore the formation of ionic bonds. To begin, users should check that Sodium (Na) and Chlorine (Cl) are already selected from the menus on the right. Click Play (514SE7) to witness the electrons orbiting the nucleus of each atom (Note: These atom models are simplified and not designed to be realistic.)

1. Each atom contains a central nucleus and several shells that have electrons. The outermost electrons are known as valence electrons. (1 mark)

How many valence electrons will each atom have?

Sodium: 2

Chlorine: 8

2. Click Pause (514SE8). Elements can be categorized as metals or nonmetals. Metals do not have a tight grip on their valence electrons, whereas nonmetals cling to their electrons tightly. Electron affinity is a measurement of how tightly valence electrons are held. (1 mark)

1. Attempt to withdraw an electron from every atom. Based on this simulation, which atom is a metal?

Sodium.

2. Which is a nonmetal?

Chlorine.

3. Attempt to move an electron from a metal to a nonmetal. What happens?

The electron moves to the chlorine atom, resulting in a negatively charged chloride ion (Cl⁻) and a positively charged sodium ion (Na⁺).

Activity A: Ions

Prepare the Gizmo:

* Click Reset

* Verify that sodium and chlorine are chosen.

Introduction: Atoms have particles with electrical charges. Electrons are negatively charged, while protons are positively charged. Particles with complementary charges (+ and –) attract each other, while particles of the same charge (+ and + or – and –) repel.

Question: What happens when atoms gain or lose electrons?

1. Count: Electrons move in specific shells around the nucleus of atoms, as seen by the rings around the atoms in the Gizmo. The first ring has two electrons, and the second ring has eight electrons (Hide inner electrons if preferred). (2 marks)

1. Review the sodium and chlorine atoms. How many electrons are in each atom?

Sodium: 11

Chlorine: 17

2. Each atom has a neutral charge, meaning that each atom contains the same number of electrons and protons. Based on this, how many protons are in each atom?

Sodium: 11

Chlorine: 17

Task: Rewrite the given text by using better words, making it unique while using natural language.

Activity A:

Question: How do ionic bonds form?

1. Observe: Note that the majority of atoms become stable with eight valence electrons, recognized as the octet rule. What is the number of valence electrons of each atom? (1 mark)

Sodium:

Chlorine:

2. Form a bond: Each electron carries a 1- charge, while every proton carries a 1+ charge. You can determine the charge of an atom by subtracting the number of electrons from the number of protons. Move an electron from the sodium to the chlorine atom. (1 mark)

A. What are the charges of each atom at present? Sodium:

Chlorine:

Turn on Show charge to validate. These ions are known as charged atoms.

B. Are these ions stable? Elaborate.

Click Check on the bottom right of the Gizmo to assess.

4. Think and discuss: What causes the attraction between the two ions in the chemical bond? (1 mark)

Activity B:

Ionic Compounds

Get the Gizmo ready:

• Click Reset. Turn off Show charge.

• Select Lithium (Li) and Oxygen (O).

Question: How are ionic compounds formulated?

1. Observe: Examine the purple lithium atom and the red oxygen atom. Remember that atoms are stable when their outermost ring comprises eight electrons. Specifically, some atoms, including lithium and beryllium, become stable with two electrons in their outermost ring. (1 mark)

A. How many electrons will the lithium atom give up to become stable?

B. How many electrons are required by the oxygen atom to become stable?

C. Can these two atoms form a stable compound? Explain why or why not.

2. Form bonds: Click Add metal to append another lithium atom, and then transfer electrons from the lithium to the oxygen. Click Check. (1 mark)

A. Have you formulated a stable compound?

B. Turn on Show formula. What is the formula of this compound?

C. Turn on Show charge. What is the charge of each ion? Li Li O

3. Practice: Utilize the Gizmo to develop stable compounds from the given combinations. After transferring electrons, arrange the atoms to demonstrate the attraction between positively charged and negatively charged ions. Click Check to assess each compound. (5 marks)

After each compound, click on the camera icon (snapshot camera) to take a snapshot. Right-click on the image and choose Copy Image. Paste every image into a blank document to submit with this worksheet. Indicate the ionic charges (for example, Ca2+) and chemical formulas below.

Ionic charges Chemical formula

A. Lithium and fluorine: Li

F

B. Beryllium and oxygen: Be

O

The following chemical pairs will be discussed: aluminum and chlorine, and beryllium and nitrogen. The chemical symbols for aluminum and chlorine are Al and Cl respectively, while beryllium and nitrogen are represented by Be and N in that order.

As part of the assessment, there are five questions you should answer located below the Gizmo. Please note that reproduction of the material is only allowed for educational purposes, and it is strictly prohibited to share or post publicly. All rights reserved by ExploreLearning™ as of 2020.