The Yemeni Civil War has been ongoing and a research question arises as to what factors have contributed to its continuation. One factor is the increase in ethnic conflict which is the dependent variable. Two independent variables account for this increase. The first one is the absence of a successful negotiation by conflict mediators from the outside. Such mediation becomes ineffective when ethnic and cultural identity are not taken into account. This leads to an increase in ethnic conflict. The National Dialogue Conference (NDC) which aimed to solve the Yemeni crisis did not fully consider the grievances of southern separatists and Houthis and thus failed to address the conflict. The second independent variable is the political and military support given by opposing sides based on religious and ethnic identity. This exacerbates the Iran-Saudi Arabia proxy conflict. Saudi Arabia bombarded Yemen while Iran supported the Houthis and separatists, leading to greater devastation and conflict.

Understanding the Yemeni Civil War requires knowing the parties involved. On one side is Yemen's predominantly Sunni Islamic government while on the other are primarily Zaidi Islamic Houthis. Though Zaydism is a branch of Shia Islam, they are closer to Sunni Islam because their belief is that the leader of the Muslim community must be a descendant of Muhammad through Fatimah, his surviving daughter. This belief led them to support Zayd ibn Ali, who they believed was the rightful successor against the tyrannical and corrupt Umayyad Caliphate. Shia Muslims, on the other hand, support Muhammad al-Baquir, who did not rebel against the caliphate. Sunni Muslim, Abu Hanifa, established the Hanafi school of Sunni Islam and delivered a legal statement supporting Zayd and his followers.

The accusation that ultimately led to the civil war in Yemen in 2014 was the proxy conflict between Iran and Saudi Arabia. Both nations have been vying for power and influence in the Middle East, providing support to opposing sides in various countries such as Syria, Qatar, Iraq, and Yemen. This conflict is comparable to the Cold War between the United States and the Soviet Union, as both Iran and Saudi Arabia seek to establish hegemony. Additionally, the conflict also has an ethnic dimension since Iran is predominantly Shia Muslim, while Saudi Arabia is predominantly Sunni Muslim.

Saudi Arabia began a campaign of airstrikes and naval blockades in Yemen to restore the government following the success of the Houthis in overthrowing it. While the Gulf Arab states accused Iran of financially and militarily supporting the Houthis, the National Security Council stated that Iran did not have any command or control over them. Despite this, Saudi Arabia continued to support the government and interfere directly with Saudi-led airstrikes and ground campaigns. Iran did not directly participate in the conflict, but the Iranian supreme leader announced his support for the Houthis in 2019.

The civil war itself was triggered by an increase in fuel prices in 2014 as part of the Yemeni government's subsidy reform program. This removal of fuel subsidies was unpopular in Yemen as it increased the cost of transport and water while limiting support for local industry. The Yemeni government negotiated with the International Monetary Fund to receive financing, which required the removal of subsidies. However, the Yemeni government failed to heed the IMF's recommendation to gradually adjust prices and to properly communicate with citizens. The frustration caused by the removal of subsidies added to the Yemeni government's existing problems, including corruption and poor governance under a transitional government put in place by the Gulf Cooperation Council.

The Houthi movement, predominantly Zaidi Shia, began in North Yemen in the 1990s. They view themselves as champions against corruption and extremism, as well as representatives for tribal interests and the Zaidi sect. However, their ideals are vague and at times contradictory. Despite this, they felt that opposing the transitional government and taking over the capital was important.

Overall, the proxy conflict between Iran and Saudi Arabia and the Yemeni government's mishandling of subsidy reform were crucial factors in the outbreak of civil war in Yemen.

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Sources cited in this article discuss the conflict between Iran and Saudi Arabia in Yemen. The Economist article “Held Hostage” sheds light on the humanitarian crisis in Yemen caused by the conflict, while Jennifer Rubin's article in The Washington Post, “The Iran-Saudi Arabia Proxy War,” explains the political motivations behind the conflict. Jonathan Marcus's article on the BBC website, “Why Saudi Arabia and Iran Are Bitter Rivals,' provides a historical perspective on the tension between the two countries. Bethan McKernan's report in The Guardian, “Who Are the Houthis and Why Are They Fighting the Saudi Coalition in Yemen?” gives an overview of the Houthi rebels' role in the conflict. Stephen W. Day's book, Regionalism and Rebellion in Yemen, provides a detailed analysis of the political history of Yemen. Abdul Ali's Islamic Dynasties of the Arab East: State and Civilization during the Later Medieval Times explains the Islamic dynasties of Yemen and the Arab East. Gerhard Böwering, Patricia Crone, and Mahan Mirza's book, The Princeton Encyclopedia of Islamic Political Thought, touches upon the political ideologies of Yemen's Islamic dynasties. Likewise, A. Zeidan's entries on the Houthi movement in Encyclopedia Britannica provide key information on their origins and modus operandi. Bruce Riedel's article in Brookings delves into the reasons behind the ongoing war in Yemen. The Jamestown Foundation's article, “Yemen Accuses Iran of Meddling in Its Internal Affairs,” accuses Iran of interference in Yemen's internal affairs. Jeff Charles and Amani Wells-Onyioha's article in Newsweek examines the rise of the Houthi movement in Yemen. The Guardian article, “Iran-Saudi Proxy War in Yemen Explodes into Region-Wide Crisis,” documents the escalation of the conflict and its potential implications for the region. Christopher Davidson's Shadow Wars highlights covert operations by foreign powers in the Middle East. Tarek Radwan's article in Atlantic Council links Yemen's current crisis to poor economic planning and weak governance in the country.

In summary, these sources offer insights into the complex political and historical factors contributing to the ongoing conflict in Yemen, the role of the Houthi movement and other actors involved, as well as the humanitarian consequences resulting from the war.

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