Origin of the English Language: The English language's history commenced with the arrival of three Germanic tribes in Britain during the 5^(th) century AD. These tribes, namely the Angles, Saxons, and Jutes, traveled across the North Sea from regions now identified as Denmark and Northern Germany. The Angles originated from "Englaland," and their language was called "Englisc," from which the words "England" and "English" have emerged.

Assessment of the English Language:

Old English (450-1100 AD): The Germanic tribes' dialects fused and transformed into what we presently refer to as Old English. Old English significantly differs from contemporary English and is incomprehensible to native English speakers. Roughly half of the most frequently used vocabulary in modern English originated during Old English times.

Middle English (1100-1500 AD): William, the Conqueror, Duke of Normandy (most of modern France), conquered Britain in 1066. The invading party (Normans) brought with them French and imposed it as the language of the court and business elite. By the 14^(th) century, English had resurfaced as a dominant language, with numerous French words infiltrating it, a language today known as Middle English.

Early Modern English (1500-1800 AD): In the Late Middle Ages, the Great Vowel Shift brought an abrupt shift in pronunciation, where transitional phrasing was formed, phrases formed with short and long vowel sounds. From the 16^(th) century, English came into contact with people worldwide during the Renaissance, in which numerous foreign words and phrases, also influenced classical studies, crept into the vocabulary. Printing leading to greater literacy standards brought uniformity in spelling and grammar. The dialect spoken in London became-standardized, and the first English dictionary was published in 1604.

Late Modern English (1800-Present): Late Modern English primarily differs in vocabulary because of the Industrial Revolution and technological boom. An array of new words were invented; the rise of the British Empire and the increasing globalization caused several foreign words to be incorporated into the language.

Question 2: Define the sentence. Write two examples of every sentence type.

Answer:

A sentence is the most significant structural element of any language in English. It commences with a capital letter and ends with a full stop, exclamation mark, or question mark, conveying thoughts, emotions, instructions, queries, or assertions.

Generally speaking, a sentence is a group of words that convey information, make assertions, asks questions, or convey an order or request.

Various Types of Sentences:

i. Declarative Sentence: A declarative sentence is also referred to as an assertive sentence as it states an opinion, feeling, describes something, or makes a general statement.

Examples:

I don’t like coffee.

She is an exceptional singer.

ii. Imperative Sentence: The imperative sentence is employed to request or command somebody to perform an action. It usually ends with a full stop but can also end with an exclamation mark.

Examples:

Please pass me the salt.

Do not touch that glass.

iii. Interrogative Sentence: The interrogative sentence is employed to ask a question, and it ends with a question mark.

Example:

How was your day?

Which movie should we watch?

iv. Exclamatory Sentence: An exclamatory sentence is used to express emotions of surprise, wonder, or happiness but can also express sorrow, anger, and more.

Examples:

Wow, what a beautiful flower!

I won the lottery!

In conclusion, the updated versions convey the original information with better vocabulary use and sentence structure.

Tenses are an essential part of English grammar that helps us to understand the time frame and the sequence of events. Here are some rules related to various forms of tenses.

i. Present Tense

The present tense is used to describe actions that are happening currently or are habitual.

Examples:

- She drinks coffee every morning.

- I am writing a letter to my friend.

ii. Past Tense

The past tense is used to describe actions or events that have already happened in the past.

Examples:

- She ate sushi for dinner yesterday.

- I went to the beach last weekend.

iii. Future Tense

The future tense is used to describe actions or events that are going to happen in the future.

Examples:

- We will have a meeting tomorrow morning.

- I am going to take a trip to Europe next year.

iv. Present Perfect Tense

The present perfect tense is used to describe actions that began in the past and have continued up to the present moment.

Examples:

- I have lived in this city for five years.

- She has worked at this company since 2010.

v. Past Perfect Tense

The past perfect tense is used to describe actions that occurred before another action in the past.

Examples:

- She had finished her homework before she went to bed.

- We had already eaten dinner before the guests arrived.

vi. Future Perfect Tense

The future perfect tense is used to describe actions or events that will be completed in the future before another future event.

Examples:

- By next year, I will have graduated from college.

- They will have finished their project by the end of the week.

Overall, it is important to understand the rules related to different forms of tenses to communicate effectively and accurately.

Past Tense:

When an event has already occurred, it is expressed in past tense.

Rules for Past Tense:

1. Past Simple/Indefinite

- Use the second form of the verb.

Example: He ran away.

2. Past Continuous/Progressive

- Use "was/were" + verb + "ing"

Example: She was going shopping.

3. Past Perfect

- Use "had" + third form of the verb

Example: Samar had left the room.

4. Past Perfect Continuous

- Use "had been" + verb + "ing"

Example: Manish had been preparing for this dance for two weeks.

Present Tense:

Present tense refers to the ongoing actions in the present time.

Rules for Present Tense:

1. Present Simple/Indefinite

- Use the base form of the verb/verb + "s/es"

Example: Heena sings a song.

2. Present Continuous/Progressive

- Use "is/am/are" + verb + "ing"

Example: Heena is singing a song.

3. Present Perfect

- Use "has/have" + third form of the verb

Example: Heena has sung a song.

4. Present Perfect Continuous

- Use "has/have been" + verb + "ing"

Example: Heena has been singing a song.

Future Tense:

Future tense is used to express events that are going to happen in the future.

Rules for Future Tense:

1. Future Simple/Indefinite

- Use "shall/will" + verb

Example: Ram will visit the park tomorrow.

2. Future Continuous/Progressive

- Use "shall/will" + "be" + verb + "ing"

Example: Ram shall be visiting the park tomorrow.

3. Future Perfect

- Use "shall/will" + "have" + past participle

Example: Ram shall have visited the park by tomorrow.

4. Future Perfect Continuous

- Use "shall/will" + "have been" + verb + "ing"

Example: Ram will have been visiting the park tomorrow.