- Category: Art , History , Literature
- Topic: Medieval Europe
Kasey Wright's assessment, dated February 13, 2022, sheds light on the impact of The Renaissance on art, literature, and education. The Renaissance exemplifies the revolutionary advancements of humankind. Its momentous contributions include the printing press, writing, painting, and sculpture techniques, and education. The printing press was more than a mere technological innovation; it connected people from diverse cultures and religions, providing them with the ability to express their traditions and beliefs to a larger audience. It facilitated the spread of information globally and broadened people's avenues of critical thinking and contemplation. Writing, painting, and sculpture were also central to the Renaissance's achievements. These techniques allowed for novel expressions of thoughts and feelings. Consequently, it ushered in a new era of artistic mastery, bringing ideas to life and making them accessible via diverse mediums.
In comparison, the Northern and Italian Renaissance exhibit distinct characteristics concerning art, literature, and philosophy. The Northern Renaissance, known for its sensibility to visual reality and attention to detail, focused on domestic interiors and portraits, utilizing oil paint as the primary medium. The Italian Renaissance, in contrast, emphasized proportion, perspective, and human anatomy, showcasing mythology and religious scenes via fresco, tempera, and oil paints. In Northern literature, cooperation and reason held more importance than power and fame. Through their literary works, they conveyed tales of wealth, religion, and mythology. The Italian Renaissance differed in this aspect by presenting philosophies for navigating everyday life, primarily concerning the middle-class and the poor. In terms of philosophy, the Northern Renaissance espoused humanism geared towards the majority of the population. Their focus was on wealth and the role it played in life. On the other hand, the Italian Renaissance emphasized humanism geared towards the middle-class and the poor, stressing the impact of experiences, ideas, and novel ways of changing and improving the world.
Christian humanists espoused the idea that liberty, individual conscience, and intellectual freedom should be the guiding principles of life in both public and private spheres, aligning these beliefs with Christian doctrine. They believed that God's salvation is the key to attaining fulfillment, and that God is the sovereign ruler of the universe. To support their advocacy for free inquiry, reason, the separation of church and state, and concepts of freedom, Christian humanists made use of early church writings, Hebrew, and biblical Greek. They also acknowledged and embraced the role of science and technology in advancing knowledge and individual freedom, while striving to avoid disconnecting humanity from God. Christian humanists placed great importance on the human ability to reason and improve oneself, promoting the importance of education for all, including women. They sought to reform society through both literature and religion.
Renowned Christian humanists include T.S Eliot, Jacques Maritain, Desiderius Erasmus, Blaise Pascal, and Thomas More, who all shared the aim of bringing out the goodness in humanity while staying true to Christian principles. They espoused using the teachings of Jesus to inspire a sense of happiness and optimism for the future.
Contrasting with Christian humanists, Martin Luther, Huldreich Zwingli, and John Calvin led the Protestant Reformation in Europe. Martin Luther's "95 Theses" emphasized that true religious authority rested solely on the Bible, and that salvation derives from faith, rather than deeds. Lutheranism, which he founded upon these premises, rejected that human actions could affect one's chance at salvation, asserting that only belief in God's grace was needed to attain heaven.
Huldreich Zwingli, on the other hand, contended that religion should be actively practiced and called for the reform of the Roman Catholic Church with his publication of "67 Articles." He believed that adherence to the Bible was the only justification for the authority and practices of the Church, and that caution must be taken to avoid implementing anything that cannot be substantiated by the Bible. While Luther and Zwingli both opposed the sale of pardons by the Church, they disagreed on whether the Eucharist should be considered the literal body and blood of Christ.
In contrast, John Calvin believed that God was present in the sacrament only in a spiritual sense. While Zwingli focused on rejecting religious superstitions and the sale of pardons, Luther was more critical of the Church as a whole, ultimately leading to his excommunication.
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