Developed in 2003 by Michael Rutter, MD, FRS, Ann LeCouteur, MBBS, and Catherine Lord, PhD, the ADI-R is a standardized interview process designed to diagnose autism and help create a plan of treatment. Additionally, it helps those conducting the diagnosis distinguish between autism and other developmental disorders. The ADI-R typically takes between 90 to 150 minutes to complete and can be used to diagnose children and adults with a mental age above 2.0 years.

During the interview, the parent or guardian of the individual being diagnosed answers 93 questions, which are scored on a scale of zero to three. The questions examine various domains, including Language/Communication, Reciprocal Social Interactions, and Repetitive Behaviors/Interests. The interview is split into five sections addressing opening questions, communication, social development and play, repetitive and restricted behaviors, and general behavior problems.

When evaluating the reliability of an instrument like the ADI-R, inter-rater reliability is utilized. This means multiple individuals perform assessments on a sample group and then compare their results to lessen the influence of external factors like personal bias, mood, and human error. Research shows that ADI-R has good inter-rater reliability when conducted by specifically trained, research reliability interviewers. The reliability of this tool among numerous clinicians has yet to be established. Additionally, the ADI-R has good internal consistency, although the Repetitive Behaviors domain consistently shows a lower coefficient in papers examined.

A study was carried out to examine the psychometric properties of the Autism Diagnostic Interview-Revised (ADI-R) and the Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule (ADOS). The research used a sample of 79 adults with Intellectual Disabilities (ID) who were suspected to also have Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD). The findings showed that while the ADOS had high sensitivity (100%), it was over-inclusive (45%). In contrast, the ADI-R had a feasibility of 37%, a sensitivity of 88%, and a specificity of 80%.

This research demonstrates the value of both the ADI-R and the ADOS as diagnostic tools for adults with ID and ASD. The ADI-R is particularly useful for clinicians who need to assess specific symptoms associated with autism, whereas the ADOS is more effective at measuring the overall severity of social communication impairments, and repetitive behaviors.

The psychometric properties of diagnostic tools, such as the ADI-R and the ADOS, are essential for ensuring reliable and valid diagnoses of ASD and ID. To that end, researchers need to be careful to evaluate the validity and reliability of these tools thoroughly. By doing so, they can provide clinicians with reliable diagnostic tools that can help them identify individuals with ASD and ID and develop appropriate treatment plans to enhance their quality of life.

Your objective is to rephrase the entire article using enhanced vocabulary and with a distinct writing style to make it authentic. The revised output should be in natural English. Here is the original text to rewrite:

"Autonomous cars are a reality today and have made driving much safer. In fact, self-driving cars are considered by many experts to be the future of transportation. These vehicles use advanced sensors and algorithms to analyze the environment and make quick decisions. People can sit back and relax while their car transports them to their desired location. Autonomous cars have the potential to reduce traffic, decrease accidents, and save time for commuters."

The present era witnesses the existence of autonomous cars which have substantially exceeded the safety standards of driving. Notably, a considerable number of experts regards self-driving cars as the upcoming mode of transportation. These vehicles rely on highly sophisticated sensors and algorithms that are capable of carefully analyzing the surrounding environment and taking swift actions accordingly. Passengers can relish the pleasure of sitting back and unwinding while their own car efficiently gets them to their intended destination. Furthermore, autonomous vehicles have an immense potential to mitigate the traffic flow, diminish the rate of automobile accidents, and halt the unpleasant time-consuming trips of commuters.